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- @0101 CHAP 3
-
- ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────┐
- │ NEGOTIATING THE PURCHASE OF A BUSINESS: │
- │ NON-COMPETE COVENANTS, PURCHASE PRICE, ETC. │
- └───────────────────────────────────────────────┘
-
- THE PURCHASE PRICE. Neither this program nor any book can
- tell you how much you should pay for the business you are
- about to buy. However, if you have done your homework
- properly in investigating the business in question and
- talking to bankers, accountants and other people in that
- line of business about what the normal purchase price for
- a business of that size and type should be, you should have
- a reasonably good basis for determining if the purchase price
- is a reasonable one. For example, you may learn that small
- businesses of the type you are considering generally sell
- for about one and one-half times their annual gross sales
- in your market area. That could be VERY useful information
- if the seller is asking three times last year's gross
- sales.
-
- DISCLOSURE OF FINANCIAL INFORMATION. At an early stage in
- the negotiations, specify that you want access to tax
- returns, books of account, corporate minute books, and
- other financial records of the business, and make it clear
- that you have no interest in continuing the negotiations
- unless the buyer cooperates fully in this respect. Also,
- be sure that this condition is expressed in any kind of
- informal "memorandum of understanding" or letter agreement
- between you and the seller that is written up prior to the
- final contract of sale.
-
- COVENANT NOT TO COMPETE. In most states and for most kinds
- of businesses, it is possible to prevent the seller from
- competing against you for a reasonable period of time
- within specified geographic areas. (Your attorney will
- know what limits state law places on such a non-compete
- agreement.) This can be an extremely important provision
- to negotiate for from the outset, for many types of
- businesses, to prevent the seller from starting up a new
- business just down the street to compete with the one you
- are buying from him or her for good money.
-
- ALLOCATION OF PURCHASE PRICE. One very important item that
- is often omitted in business sale agreements, perhaps because
- it is not absolutely necessary, is a provision in the
- agreement that spells out how the parties agree to allocate
- the purchase price between the various assets that are being
- acquired. While this is now of somewhat lesser importance
- for tax purposes than before the Tax Reform Act of 1986, it
- can still be quite important in certain situations.
-
- The '86 Act requires both the buyer and seller to abide
- by an allocation formula based on the fair market values
- of the cash, securities, and other assets such as land,
- improvements, equipment, inventories, and intangible assets
- (such as patents, trademarks, etc.). Any excess of the
- purchase price over the sum of those values MUST be
- allocated to "goodwill" or "going concern" value, which
- is an intangible asset that, until 1993, could not be
- deducted, depreciated or amortized by you, the buyer.
-
- (NOTE RE 1993 TAX LEGISLATION: Since the passage of the
- Clinton tax package on August 10, 1993, intangibles such
- as "goodwill," "going concern value," are now amortizable,
- over 15 years, as well as covenants not to compete and
- many other intangible items acquired as part of a business,
- such as customer lists, know how, workforce in place,
- franchises, patents, trademarks and trade names, and
- government licenses and permits.)
-
- Since the IRS allocation formula is based on the fair
- market values of the various "real" assets, you obviously
- cannot get around the formula by agreeing with the seller
- in a purchase price allocation that a $5 supply of paper
- clips is worth $50,000, to avoid allocating excess purchase
- price to "goodwill."
-
- Remember, if there is a purchase price allocation in the
- sale agreement, to include a provision that says that both
- parties will report the transaction the same way for tax
- purposes, in accordance with the agreed purchase price
- allocation between assets.
-
- IMPORTANT: Note also that new tax regulations require, any
- time a business is bought or sold, that both buyer and
- seller must file Form 8594 with the IRS reporting certain
- information about the purchase price allocation. PENALTIES
- FOR FAILURE TO FILE THIS FORM CAN BE EXTREMELY LARGE!
-
- Needless to say, the information on the two Forms 8594 that
- are filed by you and the seller should be identical, or you
- will both be inviting IRS audits.
-
-
-